Apple is still a player in the personal computer industry. Fall asleep with Jason reminiscing about the 1984 Mac!
This manual introduces you to the Apple Macintosh computer. Use it now to
learn the basic Macintosh skills, and pick it up again later to use as a reference.
You don’t need to know anything about Macintosh or any other computer to
use this manual. And you won’t have to keep learning new ways of doing
things. Once you’ve mastered a few new techniques, you’ll use them
whenever you use your Macintosh.
You can also take a guided tour of Macintosh by listening to the cassette tape
(use it in any cassette player). In the guided tour, your Macintosh
demonstrates itself, introducing—in a different way—the same skills this
manual teaches.
This manual tells you how to:
□ use the mouse and keyboard to control your Macintosh (Chapter 1)
□ get started with your own work, make changes to it, and save it (Chapter 1)
□ find out more about Macintosh concepts and how to use your new
techniques to establish a daily working routine (Chapter 2)
□ organize your documents on the Macintosh (Chapters 2 and 3)
□ get the most out of your Macintosh system by adding other products to it
(Chapter 3)
□ care for your Macintosh (Chapter 6)
□ do simple troubleshooting and find further help (Chapter 6)
How to Use This Manual
Read Chapter 1 to learn the basics and to get started using one of the application
programs you probably purchased along with your Macintosh. Then continue
on with this manual or go to the manual that came with the application you’re
going to use. Return to Chapter 3 of this manual when you want to know more
about organizing your work. Use Chapter 4 for reference. Read Chapter 6 soon
after you get your Macintosh to learn how to care for it.
Introduction
You’re about to learn a new way to use a computer. If this is your first
experience with a computer, you’re starting at a great time. If you’ve used
“traditional” computers, you’ll really appreciate the Macintosh difference
No more guessing what the computer wants. No more memorizing long
commands with names only a programmer could love. With Macintosh,
you’re in charge.
This chapter teaches what you need to know to use your Macintosh—how to
create documents (the name for anything you create on Macintosh), make
changes to them, and put them away. It all happens with a few basic
techniques, the same techniques you’ll use whenever you work with any
application on your Macintosh.
Meet Your
Macintosh
Before you start, make sure you plug your Macintosh into a grounded outlet
and attach the keyboard and mouse to the main unit.
■ Switch the Macintosh on if it’s not already on.
A beep lets you know it’s started, and an icon (a small picture) representing
a Macintosh disk appears on the screen. The blinking question mark shows
that the Macintosh is ready for you to insert a disk.
■ Insert the Macintosh System Disk into the disk drive, metal end first,
label side up.
Push the disk until it clicks into place. The soft hum is your Macintosh
getting information from the disk. A message appears, welcoming you to
Macintosh.
A few seconds later, your screen looks like this:
Icon-
This is the Macintosh desktop. Most computer screens look like the
departing flight schedule at a busy airport, but the Macintosh screen looks
like a light gray desktop. And you can arrange your desktop any way you
want. You can slide documents around, organize your work in folders,
throw things away, or get what you want to work on next—just by moving
the mouse and pressing the mouse button. The bar at the top of the screen
contain menus; you’ll see how to use them a little later. The icons on your
desktop always let you know what’s available. Right now you see icons that
represent:
□ the System Disk you inserted
□ the Trash, where you can discard what you don’t need anymore
If your screen doesn’t look like this, someone else has probably used this
lesson and arranged the desktop in a different way. See “Handling Windows’ ’
in Chapter 3 to close all windows that may have been left open.
Using the Mouse
■ Moving the Pointer by Moving the Mouse
Your Macintosh responds instantly to every movement you make with the
mouse. You can start applications and get documents, work on them, and
put them away again—just by moving the mouse and pressing the mouse
button. The best way to see how this works is to try it.
■ Watch the screen while you roll the mouse on a flat surface next to your
Macintosh. For now, don’t press the mouse button.
Every move you make with the mouse moves the pointer in exactly the same
way. Usually the pointer is shaped like an arrow, as it is now, but it changes
shape depending on what you’re doing. For instance, it becomes an I-beam
when it’s positioned over text you can edit and a wristwatch when your
Macintosh is doing something that takes a little time.
You’ll have the best control if you hold the mouse with the mouse cable
pointing directly away from you.
If you run out of room for the mouse—if it goes off the table, for instance, or
runs into the Macintosh itself—lift the mouse and put it down again where
you have more room. Lifting the mouse doesn’t move the pointer.
Using the mouse might feel a little awkward at first, but it will soon be
second nature.
You probably have your own idea of how your desktop should be organized,
so the first thing to do with your mouse is arrange your electronic desktop to
suit you. To move an icon, you first select it to let your Macintosh know this is
what you want to work on next. You select icons using a technique called
clicking.
■ Position the pointer on the Trash icon.
Make sure the tip of the pointer is on the icon itself. Putting it on the word
“Trash” below and clicking produces a slightly different effect, which
you’ll see later.
■ Click the icon by pressing and quickly releasing the mouse button.
As you click the icon, it’s highlighted. What was black is now white and vice
versa. The highlighting shows that you selected it. Notice that the System
Disk icon is no longer selected. Selecting is an important idea with
Macintosh, and it has a specific meaning: you always select the information
you want to work on next.
■ Click the System Disk icon.
Now the System Disk icon is selected, and the Trash icon is no longer
selected.
When clicking, try not to move the mouse as you release the mouse button.
Practice clicking each icon in turn until you can click without moving the
mouse at all.
Once you’ve selected an icon, you can use the mouse to move it with a
technique called dragging.
■ Position the pointer on the Trash icon.
■ Press and hold the mouse button while you move the mouse.
When you press the mouse button, you select the icon. As you move the
mouse, the pointer moves and drags an outline of the icon and its title along
with it. So you always know where you were—and where you’re going.
■ Release the mouse button.
The icon snaps to its new place.
Try this again with the System Disk icon. Move the icon all the way to the left.
Notice that it won’t go off the edge of the screen, so you don’t have to worry
about losing it. Remember, lifting the mouse has no effect on what you’re
doing (but releasing the mouse button does end the current dragging). You
can cancel a drag in progress by moving the pointer into the menu bar at the
top of the screen. Practice dragging until you can easily put the icons
wherever you want them.
You’ve learned how to use the mouse to point to and select information you
want to work on, and you’ve seen how you can drag icons to arrange your
desktop. Next you’ll learn how to act on what you select by choosing a
command from a menu.
By the way, you can take a break from this lesson at any point. Leave the
Macintosh switched on and pick up where you left off. If it’s been switched
off, switch it back on, make sure the System Disk is inserted, and start over.
Selecting and Whenever you work with your Macintosh, you tell it two things: what you
Choosing want to work on, and what you want to do. First, you tell the Macintosh what
you want to work on by selecting it as you’ve been doing with icons on the
desktop. Then you tell the Macintosh what you want to do with the
selection. You usually do this by choosing a command from a menu.
Right now what you want to work on is the System Disk, and what you want
to do is open its icon so you can examine its contents. Here’s how to do this:
Selecting the
System Disk Icon
■ Position the pointer on the System Disk icon and click.
This is the same thing you’ve done before. Now the System Disk icon is
selected, and you can choose a command for it.
Along the top of the screen, in the menu bar, are titles of the menus you can
choose from.
Menu Bar
■ Position the pointer on the word “File” in the menu bar.
Among other things, the File menu lets you open icons.
■ Without moving the mouse for now, press and hold the mouse button.
Release it when you’re finished looking.
Pressing the button while you’re pointing to a menu title causes the title to
be highlighted and a menu to appear. The menu contains commands you
can carry out on what you’ve selected. Commands that you can’t use right
now (Close, for instance) appear dimmed in the menu. When you release
the mouse button, the menu disappears.
To choose a command from a menu, you use the same dragging technique
you used to move icons.
■ Position the pointer again on the menu title “File” in the menu bar.
■ This time, press the mouse button and hold it down while you drag the
pointer to the word “Open,” then release the mouse button.
As you drag through the menu, each command is highlighted in turn. When
you release the mouse button with the Open command highlighted, an
outline zooms out of the icon and the screen is almost filled by a window.
This window displays a directory of icons that represent the contents of the
System Disk.
Ifa window doesn’t appear, make sure the System Disk icon is selected before
you choose Open from the File menu.
The System Disk icon is hollow now to show that the icon has been opened
into a window.
If you change your mind about choosing something from a menu, you can
move the pointer off the menu. Nothing is chosen unless you release the
mouse button while one of the commands is highlighted.
The System Disk window’s title appears in the title bar at the top of the
window. Below the title bar is information about the directory’s contents.
Along the right and bottom are scroll bars that let you get around in large
directories or documents. In the bottom right corner is the size box you use
to change the size of a window. In a few minutes, you ’ 11 see how to use these
parts of a window to manipulate it.
To sum up what you’ve done so far: First you selected something (the
System Disk icon), then you chose a command (Open). You’ll follow this
same pattern whenever you work with Macintosh: select some information,
then choose an action for it.
There are three icons in the System Disk window, this time representing an
application for adding and removing fonts, and two folders that are on the
disk you inserted into the Macintosh’s disk drive. One of the folders holds
system information the Macintosh needs, and the other is an empty folder
for your own documents.
You can move icons in the System Disk window the same way you moved
icons on the desktop—by dragging them. Go ahead and try this. For now,
keep them inside the System Disk window.
■ Changing the
Size of a Window
When you’re working on a document at your desktop, it’s great to have a
wide open window on it so you can really see what’s there. But small
windows also have their advantages. You can move small windows around
on your desktop, and you can see more than one at a time. To change a
window’s size, you use the size box in the bottom right corner of the
window.
■ Position the pointer on the size box, and drag it up and to the left.
As you drag, a dotted outline follows. The farther to the left you drag, the
narrower the outline becomes; the farther upward you drag, the shorter it
becomes. When the outline’s as small as you can make it, it stops moving.
When you release the mouse button, the window changes size.
The contents of the window don’t change at all when you change a
window’s size. The only thing that changes is how much you can see.
Experiment with controlling the size of the System Disk window. Drag the
size box down and to the right to make the window bigger again. Then try all
different lengths and widths.
You can move windows on your desktop just as you moved icons. To move a
window, you drag it by its title (or anywhere in the horizontal title bar at the
top of the window). Don’t, however, drag it by the small box in the title bar.
That’s the close box, and it’s just for closing the window.
■ Position the pointer anywhere on the title of the System Disk window.
■ Drag the System Disk window by pressing the mouse button and
holding it down while you move the mouse.
Just as when you dragged icons, a dotted outline of the window follows your
movements. When you release the mouse button, the window moves where
the outline was.
If you release the mouse button before you have the window where you
want it, just “pick the window up” again. If you change your mind about
moving it, cancel the drag by moving the pointer into the menu bar.
Just as icons stayed within the limits of the desktop, so do windows. You can’t
lose them by dragging too far.
Practice your new skills. When you can manipulate the window easily,
making it any size and putting it anywhere you want on (or partially off) the
desktop, go on to the next step.
Use your new window handling expertise to get the System Disk window
out of the way if you need to. Shrink it down and move it around so you can
see the Trash icon.
Use the same technique you used a few minutes ago. Select the Trash icon
by clicking it, then choose Open from the File menu by positioning the
pointer on the menu title, pressing the mouse button, dragging to the Open
command, and releasing the mouse button.
A second window appears on the desktop, probably overlapping the first
(depending on where you left the first window and what size you made it).
With Macintosh you can have many windows on your desktop at the same
time. When there’s more than one window, your Macintosh needs to know
which one you’re working on at the moment, so that the commands you
choose and the text you type end up in the right place. The window you’re
working on is always in front of all the others. It’s called the active window,
the place you want the next action to happen.
The active window’s title bar is highlighted with narrow horizontal lines on
either side of the title. The active window usually has a size box in the
bottom right corner and scroll bars on the right and bottom sides.
When you opened the Trash icon, it automatically became the active,
frontmost window—the window you’re working in. The System Disk
window is also open on the desktop, but it’s no longer the active window. To
work in the System Disk window again, you make it active by clicking
anywhere inside it.
If you left the System Disk window small before you opened the Trash
window, it may be completely hidden by the Trash window now. You know
how to move windows and change their size, so if you can’t see the System
Disk window, move the Trash window or change its size until you can see
the System Disk window again. It doesn’t have to be completely visible; as
long as you can see part of it, you can make it active.
■ Click in the System Disk window.
The window is brought to the front of the desktop; its title bar is highlighted
and scroll bars and a size box appear to show it’s the active window.
Whenever you want to work in a window that isn’t already active, you first
make it active by clicking in it.
Your desktop might not look exactly like the one here. Your Macintosh does
exactly what you tell it to do; the size and position of your windows are up to
you.
■ Click in the Trash window.
Now it moves in front of the System Disk window again.
Experiment with arranging your desktop—making each window active in
turn, changing its size, and moving it.
Notice that you sometimes need to move a window in order to see its size box.
And you sometimes need to change a window’s size or move it to see a
window it’s covering. By the way, moving a window also makes it active if it’s
not already, so you don’t have to make a window active before you move it.
You can open icons in a directory window, such as the System Disk window, just
as you opened icons on the desktop. You know how to open an icon by selecting
it and choosing Open from the File menu. There’s a shortcut: you can do the same
thing with a technique called double-clicking. Try it to open the System Folder
icon in the System Disk window. (If necessary, first make the Trash window
smaller; then make the System Disk window active and large enough that the
System Folder icon is visible.)
■ Position the pointer on the System Folder icon and quickly press and
release the mouse button twice.
Inside the System Folder are icons that represent information the Macintosh
needs. If the System Folder window doesn’t appear when you double-click,
speed up your clicking. That way the Macintosh wi 11 be able to interpret your
actions as a double-click, and not just as insistent single clicks. Now you
have two ways to open icons.
■ Open the Empty Folder icon, either by double-clicking it, or by selecting
it and choosing Open from the File menu.
If necessary, first move the System Folder window. The Empty Folder
window is—surprise—empty. You’ll use folders later to organize the
documents you create.
You can have many windows on your desktop, but to keep things tidy, you
might want to close some when you’re finished working on them, and open
them again when you need them.
■ Make the Trash window active by clicking in it.
■ Choose Close from the File menu.
The window zooms closed. Whenever you choose Close from the File
menu, the frontmost, active window is closed and the next window behind
it becomes active.
The scroll bars in an active window let you move what’s in the window so
you can see more of it.
■ Make the System Folder window small enough that some of the icons are
hidden from view.
■ Click the scroll arrow that points to the right.
More icons come into view. You can also scroll left, up, or down.
If you want to know more about scroll bars, see “Scrolling” in Chapter 3-
Using an
Application
You might be wondering what all of this has to do with your work—the
documents you’ll create with the Macintosh applications. First, you’ll use
the skills you’ve just learned whenever you work with your Macintosh, in
nearly all the applications. You usually select information and choose
commands in consistent ways. And windows are always opened and closed,
changed in size, moved, and made active using the same techniques you’ve
just learned.
Second, this chapter introduces the Finder, the built-in application for
organizing and managing your documents. The Finder is available every
time you start your Macintosh or whenever you move from one application
to another. In fact, you’ve been using the Finder all along.
In addition to helping you manage your documents—copying them,
renaming them, removing them, for example—the Finder lets you start
applications and get documents, and then put your documents away when
you’re done working on them.
You probably purchased an application or two along with your Macintosh.
Each Macintosh application disk also contains the Finder that’s on the
System Disk you’ve been using, so from now on keep the System Disk as a
spare copy of the contents of the System Folder.
■ Close first the System Folder window, then the System Disk window.
Use either of the methods you know—make the window active, and then
click the close box or choose Close from the File menu.
■ Choose Eject from the File menu.
The System Disk is ejected.
■ Insert the application disk you want to use.
A Macintosh application package may include two copies of the application
disk. Put one of these away in case your working copy ever becomes
unusable. If this does happen, make a copy of the spare to replace your old
working copy. (See Chapter 3 to find out how to copy a disk.) That way
you’ll always have a spare copy.
■ Open the icon that represents the application disk by double-clicking it
or by selecting it and choosing Open from the File menu.
The System Disk icon is still there, but it’s dimmed to show it’s not currently
available. If the window was left open, its icons are dimmed.
■ Open the icon that represents the application you want to use.
Each application icon looks like the work you do with that application.
That’s all there is to opening an application.
■ Do some work on your new document.
You don’t really need to know how to use these applications to finish this
chapter. For example, just use the keyboard to type your name with
MacWrite™ or draw a squiggly line with MacPaint™ (position the pointer
anywhere in the drawing window and drag). You need to save only a small
amount of work in order to see how the Finder helps you keep track of your
documents.
Whenever you’re finished working on a document, you decide whether you
want to keep what you’ve done or throw it away.
■ Choose Save from the File menu.
A dialog box appears, with a space for you to type the name of your
document. A blinking vertical bar marks the insertion point, where text you
type will be inserted.
You might also have noticed the Save As command in the File menu. You’ll
choose Save As when you want to save your document with a different name.
Usually, you’ll choose Save.
Whenever your Macintosh needs more information from you, it presents a
dialog box, with buttons to click, such as OKor Cancel, and sometimes with
a place for you to type additional information. These messages can also alert
you if you’re about to do something that could cause you to lose information,
giving you a chance to cancel what you were about to do. When they’re alert
messages, they’re often accompanied by a beep.
The Macintosh keyboard is very similar to a typewriter keyboard. Use the
Shift key for capital letters. If you make a mistake, use the Backspace key to
erase characters back to where the mistake is, and then start typing again.
■ Use the keyboard to type your name or any other name you want to give
your document.
■ Click Save.
Your document is saved on the disk just as it is now. Make a habit of choosing
Save about every 15 minutes or so while you’re working with your
Macintosh. (It’s a good thing to do while you’re waiting for your next
inspiration.) That way, if your Macintosh gets switched off or there’s a power
failure, you’ll never lose more than 15 minutes’ worth of work.
With your work saved on the disk, you can leave the application you’ve been
using and return to the Finder.
■ Choose Quit from the File menu.
The desktop appears again just as you left it. But now the icon of your new
document appears in the application disk window.
This new icon represents the document you created. It shows which
application was used to create it, and below it is the name you gave it. The
next time you want to work on this document, you select and open it just like
any other icon. Opening the document you want to work on also starts the
application you need to do the work. You don’t have to open the application,
then open the document; once a document’s been saved, you can open it
directly from the Finder.
The Macintosh keyboard is mainly for typing text and numbers. You’ll see
the way you’ll usually type and edit text, no matter which application you’re
using, by adding some comments about the document you just created.
■ Select the icon that represents your document.
■ Choose Get Info from the File menu.
An information window appears, showing some useful information about
this document, such as which disk it’s on, how big it is, and so on.
There’s also room for you to add comments about the document. The
comment box will save you time when you want to know more about a
document without opening it. You might have a note explaining that this is
your smash hit sales presentation of last November, or the play that won you
the Pulitzer Prize. Of course, you’ll also know which application you used to
create the document by its icon.
The blinking vertical bar appears again, marking the insertion point for text
you type.
You’ll use the keyboard to add your comments. You don’t have to press the
Return key when you come to the end of a line of text; the next line starts
automatically.
■ Type:
This is the first document I created on my Macintosh. It has great
sentimental value.
You can edit your comments by cutting and pasting with the Cut command
and the Paste command. First, select some text to cut.
■ Position the pointer at the beginning of the word “great” and drag to the
end of the word.
You’re selecting information to work on, as you did when you selected
icons. You selected icons by clicking them; you select text by dragging
across it.
If you move the pointer off the word, you might select more than the word
“great”. If this happens, just start selecting over again; nothing unexpected
can happen while you’re just selecting.
This is the fi rst document I created on my Macintosh.
It has ff lHSP I entimental ualue.
■ Choose Cut from the Edit menu.
The word “great” vanishes and in its place is the insertion point, where new
text you type will be inserted.
Whenever you choose Cut from the Edit menu, whatever you cut or copy is
put in a holding place called the Clipboard, ready for you to paste it to a
different location if you want.
■ Type:
absolutely no
What you type appears at the insertion point.
■ Select a new place for the insertion point by clicking after the space
following the word “first”.
This is the first |document I created on my Macintosh.
It has absolutely no sentimental ualue.
■ Choose Paste from the Edit menu.
The contents of the Clipboard—the word “great”, in this case—are pasted
into the location you selected. You can add a space at the insertion point by
typing one. See “Editing Text” in Chapter 3 for a summary of how to enter
and edit text.
The contents stay on the Clipboard until you choose Cut or Copy again, so
you can continue to paste them. You can paste within one document or
between two documents created with the same application. The contents
also stay on the Clipboard when you leave an application, so you can cut and
paste between applications.
For example, you can draw a picture with MacPaint and use it to jazz up a
report you create with MacWrite. Or borrow an especially eloquent passage
from a MacWrite document and paste it into an overhead slide you’re
preparing with MacPaint.
Whether you’re using an application or the Finder, you can usually view the
contents of the Clipboard.
■ Choose Show Clipboard from the Edit menu.
The Clipboard window appears, with the word “great” in it.
The Clipboard window doesn’t have to be open for you to paste its contents.
■ Close the Clipboard window.
Either choose Close from the File menu or click the close box. The Close
command closes the active window, and close boxes appear only in an
active window.
■ Close the information window.
You’ve seen how the Finder helps you start an application and get a
document, save it, and leave the application. It also helps you organize your
documents—grouping them together with related documents, duplicating
them, renaming them, or throwing them away.
You’ll soon accumulate many documents on the application disk you’ve
been using. At some point you might want to arrange your desktop so that
related documents are grouped together. Macintosh folders work just like
ordinary file folders to help you organize your documents. For instance,
you could keep all your monthly status reports together in one folder. Or
group all your MacPaint illustrations together or keep each one with the
report it illustrates. Macintosh lets you organize your documents however
you want them (or keep them scattered about your desktop if clutter makes
it easier for you to think).
Information the Macintosh system needs is grouped in the System Folder. You
have an endless supply of empty folders to organize your own work in. The
Empty Folder icon in the application disk window can be duplicated whenever
you need a new folder to put new documents in.
■ Duplicate the Empty Folder by selecting its icon and choosing Duplicate
from the File menu.
Another folder appears, slightly below and to the right of the first. It’s given
the temporary name “Copy of Empty Folder.’’
<--->
Whenever you choose Duplicate from the File menu, the copy you make has the
same name as the original, with the words “Copy of” added in front. (This is to
prevent ever having more than one document or folder with the same name on
the same disk.) It’s usually a good idea to rename the copy.
The copied folder is automatically selected when you create it. Whenever an
icon is selected, you can rename it just by typing. If you can’t see the entire
icon, you can make the window larger or move the icon.
■ Type:
Manila Folder
Or type any name you want. “Copy of Empty Folder” is renamed “Manila
Folder.” Any time text is selected, text you type replaces the selected text.
You can also select, cut, and paste the title text, as you did when you edited
the comments about the document you created. Usually, however, when you
want to rename an icon, it’s easiest just to select the icon and replace the old
name by typing a new one.
■ Drag the icon that represents the document you created so that it covers
the Manila Folder icon.
r ,
« File Edit Uieiu Special
When you cover the folder icon with the document icon, the folder icon is
highlighted. When you “drop” the document icon into the folder by
releasing the mouse button, the folder icon is no longer highlighted.
36 CHAPTER 1: LEARNING MACINTOSH
■ Select and open the Manila Folder icon.
There’s the icon that represents your masterpiece.
Dragging a document icon to a folder will file the document there. You can
also drag an icon into an open folder window; the result is the same.
Documents and applications can be left on your desktop as well as placed in
folders or on disks. You might want to leave the applications you use most
often (or the documents you’re working on for a presentation that day) on
the desktop so you can get at them easily.
Any application or document you leave on the desktop is automatically put
back on its disk if you eject the disk. When you insert that disk again,
whatever you left on the desktop reappears there.
■ Drag the icon that represents the application you were using out of the
application disk window onto the gray desktop.
Whenever you use this disk, this application will appear on the desktop
where you left it. (Of course, you can also drag it back to the disk or leave it in
the folder with your document.)
Selecting More
Than One Icon
You can take most actions on several documents at once. For example, you
can move several documents from one place to another, discard them in the
Trash, or find out information about them. One of the ways to select more
than one icon is by using the dragging technique.
■ Make the application disk window open and active if it’s not already.
If it’s closed and you open it, it automatically becomes the active window. If
it’s open but not the active window, click anywhere inside it to make it
active.
■ Use the size box to make the window bigger so you’ll have plenty of
room.
37 ORGANIZING DOCUMENTS
■ Position the pointer outside one corner of a group of icons (any corner)
and drag diagonally to the opposite corner of the group.
Be sure you start dragging outside an icon. If you position the pointer on an
icon, you select just that icon. As you drag, a dotted rectangle appears
around the icons you’re selecting. When you release the mouse button, the
icons are selected. You can select any group of icons that can be enclosed in
a rectangle.
« File Edit LMeui Special
All icons you outline are selected. Now you can drag the whole group.
■ Position the pointer on any one of the icons and drag the whole group to
another part of the window.
Make sure the pointer is on one of the icons (it doesn’t matter which one).
They keep their arrangement and move in “ formation.” The icons stay
selected until you click anywhere outside any of them.
You can also choose a command to act on a group of selected icons. For
example, you can find out information about an entire group of selected
documents.
38 CHAPTER 1. LEARNING MACINTOSH
■ Choose Get Info from the File menu.
An information window appears for each icon that’s selected. As each new
window appears on the desktop, it overlaps the window that appeared
before it.
You can move these information windows or make them active like any
other windows on the desktop, but you can’t change their size or scroll
through them.
■ Close each information window in turn by choosing Close from the File
menu or clicking its close box.
Each time you choose Close or click its close box, the active window closes.
Or choose Close All from the File menu to close all information windows
and the application disk window as well.
There’s another way to select more than one icon. Sometimes the icons you
want to select aren’t lined up in a way that you can drag a rectangle around
them. If they’re scattered about, you can select more than one by Shift¬
clicking.
■ If necessary, open the application disk window.
■ Select any icon in it by clicking it.
If any icons are still selected, first click outside of any of them before you
select one again.
■ Hold down the Shift key on the keyboard while you click a second icon.
The second icon can be any icon in the same window. You can even scroll to
a different part of the window and Shift-click.
You can continue to select more icons as long as you hold down the Shift key
while you click.
Any action you choose now will affect all the icons that are selected. You can
choose a command for them or move them by dragging the whole group.
39 ORGANIZING DOCUMENTS
Changing Your
View
Using a
Desk Accessory
Lever-
You can use the Finder’s View menu to look at your documents in whatever
order you want.
■ Choose By Name from the View menu.
The contents of the active window are arranged alphabetically by name.
You can also view them chronologically, by size, or by kind.
Macintosh desk accessories—an Alarm Clock, a Calculator, and a Note Pad,
for example—are always available on the Macintosh desktop, no matter
what appl ication you ’ re using or whether you ’ re using any application at all.
You choose desk accessories from the Apple menu on the left side of the
menu bar.
O File Edit Uieiii Special
About the Finder...
Scrapbook
Alarm Clock
^Note Pad
Calculator
Key Caps
Control Panel
Puzzle
■ Choose Alarm Clock from the Apple Menu.
□ 12:51:5? PM * j
■ Click the “lever” on the right side of the Clock.
The Alarm Clock expands to display and let you set whatever is highlighted
in the bottom panel—the time, date, or alarm.
40 CHAPTER 1: LEARNING MACINTOSH
Time-
Date-
Alarm -
1 □ 12:53:26 PM ? 1
Lm
|:52:47 PM |J||
!©
pi
m
Starting Your
Own Work
Click the icon that represents what you want to set, then click the digits you
want to change. Click the up arrow to advance the numbers, or click the
down arrow to go backward. Click in the top panel to set.
To display the simple Clock again, click the lever to return it to the
horizontal position.
See “Desk Accessories” in Chapter 4 for descriptions of the other
accessories in the Apple menu.
You probably have some work you want to use your Macintosh for. If you’d
like to know a bit more about Macintosh before you start using an
application, read Chapter 2. Then read the manual that came with the
application you want to use. When you want some reminders or more
information about using the Finder to organize your work, come back to
Chapter 3 of this manual—“Using the Finder.” Enjoy!
WM
Chapter 2:
Finding Out
More About
Macintosh
Contents
45 What Can You Do With Your Macintosh?
47 What Macintosh Is: Its Parts
48 Where Does Your Information Go?
49 Working With Your Macintosh
r
f
What Can You Do
With Your
Macintosh?
What can you do with your Macintosh? Your work! Your Macintosh can help
you with almost all of it. You can prepare illustrations, draw charts and graphs,
write and edit text, keep your files, and maybe even organize your life. You can
also use your Macintosh just to have fun, doodling away or playing games. But
you might just decide that working hard can be the most fun of all.
Macintosh removes a lot of the mystery about using computers. Every action
you take has an effect you can see—so you’re always in control of what
happens. And you don’t have to keep tedious details in your head, because
Macintosh keeps track of them for you. You’re free to think about what you
want to do, rather than how to get the computer to do it.
The Macintosh stays out of the way of your work. Think of watching a good
movie: You quickly become involved in the plot and don’t think too much
about the screen or the mechanics of making the movie. It’s like that with
Macintosh: Nothing intrudes on the work you’re doing or the fun you’re
having.
Chicago
LJ Los Angeles
0 Dallas
er ies
Cities
File Edit Data Gallery Chart Format Options
Microsoft Chart
Bird Sales 1983
delohia
Bird Sales 1983
Order: [I
Plot Series
New York
Chicago
Los Angeles
Dallas
Philadelphia
The basic Apple Macintosh system includes the main unit, the keyboard, and
the mouse. The main unit contains the processor, memory, the built-in disk
drive, and the screen. The processor does the actual work of the computer.
Memory is where the Macintosh stores the information you’re currently using.
The Macintosh can get this information from a disk in the disk drive. (The disk
drive records and retrieves the information that’s stored on the disks.) The
Macintosh can also get information directly from you through the keyboard or
the mouse. The screen is where you keep track of what you’re doing. These
parts of Macintosh that you can see and touch are called hardware.
One of the really exciting things about Macintosh is the software, or application
programs you can use—like MacWrite for words or MacPaint for pictures.
Depending on what you want to do, you choose an application that will help
you do it.
See “Applications” in Chapter 5 for some of the applications you can use with
Memory
What Macintosh Is:
Its Parts
Processor
Where Does Your
Information Go?
When you get an existing document so you can revise it (the perfect first draft
has yet to be created), the Macintosh leaves the original on the disk and makes a
copy for you to work on. When you’re done working on the copy, you decide
whether you want to keep the new version or not.
If you save the new version, it replaces the “original” on the disk. If you don’t,
nothing on the disk is changed at all. You always have the option of saving the
new version with the original name, saving it with a different name, or not
saving it at all .It’s like having an original document and making photocopies of
it to edit. When you’re satisfied with the changes, you change the original.
The document in the Macintosh’s memory—the version you’re working on—
is stored only temporarily. So if you accidentally trip over the power cord, or
the electricity goes off, everything you’re working on—whatever’s in
memory—vanishes forever. To count on your work being there when you
need it, save it on a disk by choosing Save from the File menu every 15 minutes
or so. That way you’ll never lose more than a coffee break’s worth of work.
48 CHAPTER 2: FINDING OUT MORE ABOUT MACINTOSH
Working With Your
Macintosh
Working with Macintosh is very different from working with other computers.
You use the mouse to point to things on the screen and to cause most of the
action to happen. Usually, you use the keyboard only to type text and numbers.
Your everyday routine with the Macintosh will probably be something like this:
1. Switch the Macintosh on and insert a disk with the application you want to
use and the documents you want to work on. (You can keep your Macintosh
always switched on if you like; just turn down the brightness control
whenever you finish working with it.)
2. Open the document you want to work on or open a brand new document by
opening the application you want to use.
3. Use the mouse and the keyboard to create or change the document.
4. Save your work frequently by choosing Save from the File menu.
5. Use the Clipboard to move things from one document to another by
choosing Cut and Paste from the Edit menu. Add pizzazz to sales reports
with a picture from MacPaint, or drop the proposed budget into your
department’s monthly status report.
6. If you have an Apple Imagewriter printer and you want a printed copy of
your document, choose Print from the File menu.
7. When you’re finished working on a document, choose Save from the File
menu to save your last changes, and then choose Quit from the File menu.
8. Always eject the disk before you switch the Macintosh off.
Arranging Your Work on Disks
You can arrange your work on disks by moving documents, folders, and
applications between disks, or by removing what you don’t need. See “Moving
a Document, Folder, or Application” and “Removing a Document, Folder, or
Application” in Chapter 3-
If you’re using a one-drive system, you can minimize the amount of disk
“swapping” you have to do, by keeping just one application and documents
you create with that application on a startup disk. (Dragany other application to
another disk.)
If you’re using a two-drive system, you might decide to keep more than one
application on a startup disk, and keep documents you create with those
applications on separate disks in the external disk drive.
You can also have more space available on a disk by removing fonts from it. See
“Using Font Mover to Claim More Space on a Disk” in Chapter 3.
49 WORKING WITH YOUR MACINTOSH
Chapter 3:
Using the Finder
Contents
53 Introduction
54 Summary of Mouse Techniques
56 Handling Windows
58 Scrolling
59 Selecting Icons
60 Editing Text
62 Using the Scrapbook to Store Frequently Used Images
65 Managing Documents
66 Creating a New Document
67 Opening an Existing Document
68 Renaming
69 Copying a Document, Folder, or Application to the Same Disk
70 Copying a Document, Folder, or Application to a Different Disk
71 Moving a Document, Folder, or Application
72 Printing
74 Removing a Document, Folder, or Application
75 Recovering a Removed Document, Folder, or Application
76 Summary of Document Managing Within an Application
78 Managing Disks
80 Ejecting a Disk
81 Initializing New Disks
82 Creating a Startup Disk
83 Copying an Entire Disk
84 Using Font Mover to Claim More Space on a Disk
52 CHAPTER 3: USING THE FINDER
Introduction
This chapter summarizes the basic techniques you’ll use whenever you work with
your Macintosh. It also describes the steps to take when you want to use the
Finder to manage your documents and disks. For example, it tells you how to
move a document from one disk to another, how to copy a document or an entire
disk, and how to remove documents (easy!).
Although you’ll use the Finder to do most of your document managing, you
can also do a subset of these tasks while you’re using an application. This
subset is summarized here; see each application’s manual for more detailed
descriptions.
You don’t have to read this chapter in any particular order; each topic is
independent of the others.
53 INTRODUCTION
Summary of Mouse Techniques
To Click
To Press
You can do all your work on Macintosh (except type text and
numbers) with five mouse techniques.
□ click, to select or make active
□ press, to cause a continuous action
□ drag, to select or move
□ double-click, to open icons quickly
■ Position the pointer on
what you want to select or
make active.
■ Press and quickly release
the mouse button.
■ Position the pointer on a
menu title, a scroll bar, or
wherever you want the action
to occur.
■Without moving the mouse,
press and hold the mouse
button.
□ Shift-click, to extend a selection
As long as you hold down the
mouse button, the effects of
pressing continue. Pressing
on scroll arrows results in
continuous scrolling.
Pressing on a menu title pulls
down the menu and keeps it
down until you release the
mouse button.
54 CHAPTER 3: USING THE FINDER
To Drag
To Double-Click
To Shift-Click
■ Position the pointer on
something.
■ Press and hold down the
mouse button, and move the
mouse.
■ Release the mouse button.
■ Position the pointer on
something.
■ Press and release the mouse
button twice in quick
succession.
■ Select something by
clicking.
■ Hold down the Shift key
while you continue to select
by clicking.
You can usually cancel a drag
in progress by moving the
pointer back where it started.
Cancel a drag in a menu by
moving the pointer off the
menu. Cancel moving an icon
or window by moving the
pointer into the menu bar.
55 SUMMARY OF MOUSE TECHNIQUES
Handling Windows
To Activate a Window
A window frames its contents. The contents maybe a directory of
a disk or folder, a desk accessory, or a document you create with
an application.
A window always has a title bar and may have:
□ scroll bars
□ a close box
□ a size box
Each application’s manual tells you more about windows in that
application.
To Move a Window
■ Position the pointer
anywhere in the title bar of
the window except the close
box (ifany).
■ Drag the window to a new
location.
The window becomes the
active window if it’s not
already.
To cancel the move, move the
pointer into the menu bar.
You can’t drag a window off
the desktop.
To move a window without
activating it, hold down the
Command key while you
drag.
■ Click anywhere in the
window.
Activating a window brings it
to the front, where it may
overlap or completely cover
other windows. To see
covered windows, move the
active window or make it
smaller.
Command Kev
56 CHAPTER 3: USING THE FINDER
To Change a Window’s
Size
■ Activate the window by
clicking in it.
■ Move the window so that
the size box in the bottom
right corner is visible.
■ Drag the size box.
Dragging horizontally
changes the width, dragging
vertically changes the height,
and dragging diagonally
changes both. The new
dimensions take effect only
when you release the mouse
button.
Some windows don’t have a
size box.
To Close a Window
■ Activate the window by
clicking anywhere inside it.
■ Choose Close from the File
menu, or click the close box
on the left in the title bar.
Some windows don’t have a
close box.
r « File Edit Uiew Special
57 HANDLING WINDOWS
Scrolling
To Scroll Quickly to Any
Part of a Directory or
Document
Scroll bars let you see more of
a directory or document’s
contents.
To Scroll Line-by-Line
■ Click the arrow that points
in the direction of what you
want to see.
You can scroll continuously
line-by-line by pressing the
scroll arrow.
To Scroll by the
Windowful
■ Click in the gray area of the
scroll bar.
You can scroll continuously
by the windowful by pressing
in the gray area of the scroll
bar.
■ Drag the scroll box to a
place in the scroll bar that
represents the approximate
position that you want to see.
The scroll bar represents the
length of the directory or
document; for example, if
you want to go to about the
middle of a directory or
document, drag the scroll box
to the middle of the scroll bar.
58 CHAPTER 3: USING THE FINDER
Selecting Icons
In the Finder, you select by
clicking or dragging.
Sec each application ’j
manual for how to select
information in thai
application. See “Editing
Text” in this chapter for more
about how to select text in the
Finder.
To Select an Icon
■ Click anywhere on it.
Clicking its title will also
select the icon.
Holding the Shift key down
while you click a selected
icon unselects it,
To Select More Than
One Icon
When they’re grouped
together:
■ Position the pointer outside
one corner of a group of
icons.
■ Drag to the opposite corner.
When they aren’t grouped
together:
■ Select one icon by clicking.
■ Hold down the Shift key
while you continue to select
icons by clicking or dragging.
You can select more than one
icon only when they’re in the
same window or they’re all on
the desktop.
To Select Text in
Icon Titles
■ Drag across the text
(diagonally if there’s more
than one line) to the end of
the text you want to select.
Select an entire word quickly
by double-clicking it.
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SELECTING ICONS
Editing Text
To Insert Text
To Select Text
In the Finder, you can enter and edit:
□ the names of disks, documents, folders, and applications
□ text in desk accessories such as the Note Pad and Key Caps
□ text in the comment box of information windows (which you
open by choosing Get Info from the File menu)
See each application’s manual for more on how to enter and edit
text in that application.
■ Click to select the insertion
point.
■ Type to add text at the
insertion point.
When there’s no existing text
(sometimes in dialog boxes,
for example), the insertion
point may already be
selected.
■ Drag across the text
(diagonally if there’s more
than one line) to the end of
the text you want to select.
OR
■ Double-click a word to
select it quickly.
« File Edit Uiew Special
60 CHAPTER 3: USING THE FINDER
To Move Text
To Remove Text
To Copy Text
To Replace Text
■ Select by dragging across
the text.
■ Select the text by dragging
across it.
■ Select the text by dragging
across it.
■ Choose Cut from the Edit
menu.
■ Select the insertion point by
clicking where you want the
text to go.
■ Choose Copy from the Edit
menu.
■ Select the insertion point by
clicking where you want the
copied text to go.
■ Type what you want to
replace the text with, or
choose Paste from the Edit
menu to replace with what
was last cut or copied.
■ Choose Paste from the Edit
menu.
■ Choose Paste from the Edit
menu.
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■ Select the text by dragging
across it.
■ Press the Backspace key or
choose Cut or Clear from the
Edit menu.
61 EDITING TEXT
Using the
Scrapbook to
Store Frequently
Used Images
You can paste your favorite
pictures and text into the
Scrapbook and retrieve them
whenever you want to use
them again. For example, you
might keep your letterheads
there. You can cut and paste
images among the
Scrapbook, your documents,
or any desk accessory that
uses text.
To Add an Image to the
Scrapbook
To Remove an Image
from the Scrapbook
a With a document or desk
accessory open, select the
text or picture you want to
add to the Scrapbook.
See each application’s
manual for how to select
using that application.
■ Choose Cut or Copy from
the Edit menu.
Choosing Cut removes the
original; choosing Copy just
copies it. What you selected is
placed on the Clipboard,
where it remains until you
next choose Cut or Copy.
■ Choose Scrapbook from the
Apple menu.
■ Choose Paste from the Edit
menu.
The image is pasted into the
Scrapbook. The text on the
bottom left tells you the
position this image has in the
Scrapbook. The text on the
bottom right tells whether
the image is text or a picture
and, if it’s from a document
rather than a desk accessory,
which application you used
to create the image. You can
use the scroll bars to look
through the Scrapbook. See
“Scrolling” in this chapter.
a Make the Scrapbook open
and active
a Scroll to the image you want
to remove.
See “Scrolling” in this
chapter. Whatever is visible
in the Scrapbook is
automatically selected when
the Scrapbook is active.
■ Choose Cut from the Edit
menu.
The image is removed from
the Scrapbook.
62 CHAPTER 3: USING THE FINDER
To Move or Copy an
Image from the
Scrapbook to a
Document
« Make the Scrapbook open
and active.
■ Scroll to the image you want
to remove.
See “Scrolling” in this
chapter.
■ Choose Cut or Copy from
the Edit menu.
The text or picture currently
displayed is placed on the
Clipboard, where it remains
until you next choose Cut or
Copy.
■ If necessary, open the
document you want to add
the image to. If the document
is already open, just click in it
to make it the active window.
■ Choose Paste from the Edit
menu.
The image is pasted into the
document.
You may not oe able to see the
entire image in the Scrapbook
or Clipboard windows.
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Managing Most Finder “housekeeping” tasks—like copying, moving, and removing a
Documents document, folder, or application—happen only when you can see and point to
an icon.
Using the Finder, you open the window that contains what you want to take the
action on, choose By Icon from the View menu if necessary, and scroll until the
icon is visible. Use the other commands in the View menu for specialized tasks
like finding your oldest documents or the documents that are taking the most
space.
Most of the actions you take on documents apply to applications, folders, and
sometimes disks as well. For example, you rename folders, disks, or
applications the same way you rename documents.
MANAGING DOCUMENTS
Creating a New Document
1. Select the icon that
represents the
application you want to
use.
2. Choose Open from
the File menu.
You create a new document by opening the application you want
to use. You can open an application whenever its icon or title is
visible.
When you're using an application, you can create more
documents by choosing New from the File menu. See "Summary
of Document Managing Within an Application” in this chapter.
If necessary, insert the disk
that contains that application,
open the disk icon, choose By
Icon from the View menu,
and scroll until the icon is
visible.
You can also seieo the
application in a non-pictorial
directorv window by clicking
it
The appropriate application
starts, and a new, untitled
document appears; you’ll
name it the first time you
save it.
You can also double-click the
icon (or title in a non
pictorial directory window )
to open it.
66 CHAP T ER 3: USING THE FINDER
Opening an Existing Document
1. Select the icon that
represents the
document you want to
work on.
2. Choose Open from
the File menu.
You open an existing document from the Finder by opening the
icon that represents the document you want to work on. The
application you’ll use with that document starts automatically.
You can also open an existing document while working in an
application. See “Summary of Document Managing Within an
Application” in this chapter.
If necessary, insert the disk or
disks that contain that
document and the
application you used to
create it, open the disk icon,
choose By Icon from the
View menu, and scroll until
the icon is visible.
You can also select the
document in a non-pictorial
directory window by
clicking it.
You can also double-click the
icon (or title in a non¬
pictorial directory window)
to open it.
67 OPENING AN EXISTING DOCUMENT
Renaming
You can rename a document,
folder, application, or disk
whenever its icon is visible.
1. Select the icon that
represents what you
want to rename.
2. Type the new title.
If necessary, insert the disk
that contains what you want
to rename, open the disk
icon, choose By Icon from
the View menu, and scroll
until the icon is visible.
The icon and its title are
selected.
Use names that will help you
identify the contents—the
more specific the name, the
better. Document names can
be up to 63 characters long
(though a name that long
would be a little unwieldy
when you drag its icon
around), and disk names can
be up to 27 characters. You
can use any character you can
type on the keyboard, except
colons (:).
Typing always replaces any
text selection. The selected
text (the old title) is replaced
by the new text you type.
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3. Or use the Edit menu
to edit the text.
See “Editing Text” in this
chapter.
Write the name of the disk on
the disk label. That way, when
the Macintosh asks you to
insert a disk, you’ll know
which one it needs. Also,
write the names of the disk’s
documents on its label.
68 CHAPTER 3: USING THE FINDER
Copying a
Document, Folder,
or Application to
the Same Disk
1. Select the icon that
represents the
document, folder, or
application you want to
copy.
2. Choose Duplicate
from the File menu.
3. Rename the
duplicate.
You can use the Finder to
copy a document, folder, or
application whenever its icon
is visible. You might do this to
make a backup copy. (See
also “Copying an Entire
Disk” in this chapter.) Oryou
might want to make a copy of
a document to work on
without altering the original.
For example, you might do
this to create forms,
letterheads, or templates.
To make a copy of a document
while using an application,
see “Summary of Document
Managing Within an
Application” in this chapter.
The Empty Folder icon
represents an endless supply
of folders. Duplicate it
whenever you need a new
folder.
If necessary, insert the disk or
disks that contain what you
want to copy, open the disk
icon, choose By Icon from
the View menu, and scroll
until the icon is visible.
You can use the dragging or
Shift-clicking technique to
select more than one icon to
duplicate. See “Selecting
Icons” in this chapter.
A new icon appears, below
and to the right of the first.
The duplicate icon has the
same name as the original,
preceded by the words
“Copy of.”
You can drag the duplicate
copy to any folder or disk
icon or window.
The destination disk or folder
can be arranged either by icon
or in any other arrangement.
See “Renaming” in this
chapter.
69 COPYING A DOCUMENT, FOLDER, OR APPLICATION TO THE SAME DISK
Copying a
Document, Folder,
or Application to a
Different Disk
You can copy a document,
folder, or application to
another disk whenever both
icons—the one that
represents the source and the
one that represents the
destination—are present.
The source must be in icon
form and its icon must be
visible; the destination can be
visible either in icon form or
opened into a directory
window.
1. if necessary, insert
the disk you want to
copy to, so its icon will
be present.
2. Select the icon that
represents the
document, folder, or
application you want to
copy.
If necessary, insert the disk or
disks that contain what you
want to copy, open the disk
icon, choose By Icon from
the View menu, and scroll
until the icon is visible.
You can use the dragging or
Shift-clicking technique to
select more than one icon to
copy. See “Selecting Icons”
in this chapter.
3. Drag the icon to
where you want to copy
it.
You can drag it either to a
folder or disk directory
window, or to an icon that
represents the folder or disk
you want it to be in.
The destination disk or folder
can be arranged either by icon
or in any other arrangement.
If you’re using a one-drive
system, the Macintosh will
present a series of dialog
boxes, asking you to insert
alternately the disk you’re
copying from and the disk
you’re copying to.
If the destination disk already
contains an item with the
same name, you’ll be asked
to confirm that you want to
replace the current contents
with what you’re copying.
What you copied appears in
the window you dragged to.
(If you dragged to a disk or
folder icon, what you copied
will appear in the directory
window when you open the
icon.)
70 CHAPTER 3: USING THE FINDER
Moving a
Document, Folder,
or Application
You can move a document,
folder, or application to
another disk whenever both
icons—the one that
represents the source and the
one that represents the
destination—are present.
The source must be in icon
form and its icon must be
visible; the destination can be
visible either in icon form or
opened into a directory
window.
« File Edit Llieu» Special
1. If necessary, insert
the disk you want to
move to, so its icon will
be present.
2. Select the icon that
represents the
document, folder, or
application you want to
move.
If necessary, insert the disk or
disks that contain what you
want to move, open the disk
icon, choose By Icon from
the View menu, and scroll
until the icon is visible.
You can use the dragging or
Shift-clicking technique to
select more than one icon to
move. See “Selecting Icons’’
in this chapter.
3. Drag the icon to
where you want to
move it.
You can drag it either to a
folder or disk directory
window, or to an icon that
represents the folder or disk
you want it to be in.
The destination disk or folder
can be arranged either by icon
or in any other arrangement.
If you’re using a one-drive
system, the Macintosh will
present a series of dialog
boxes, asking you to insert
alternately the disk you’re
copying from and the disk
you’re copying to.
If the destination disk already
contains an item with the
same name, you’ll be asked
to confirm that you want to
replace the current contents
with what you’re moving.
What you moved appears in
the window you dragged to.
(If you dragged to a disk or
folder icon, what you moved
will appear in the directory
window when you open the
icon.)
Whenever you drag from one
disk to another, a copy of
what you move is left behind
for safety. If you want to
reclaim space on the original
disk, drag the remaining icon
to the Trash.
71 MOVING A DOCUMENT, FOLDER, OR APPLICATION
Printing
In the Finder you can print a
document, a group of
documents, the contents of
the entire screen, the
contents of the active
window, or a directory. You
can also create a MacPaint
document from the contents
of the screen for later
printing. You can print a
document whenever its icon
is visible and a disk that
contains its application is
currently inserted.
To print a document while
using an application, see
“Summary of Document
Managing Within an
Application” in this chapter.
Before printing, make sure
that the printer is ready, the
select light is on, and the
paper is at the top of a form.
To Print a Document
■ Select the icon that
represents the document you
want to print.
If necessary, insert the disk or
disks that contain that
document and the
application you used to
create it, open the disk icon,
choose By Icon from the
View menu, and scroll until
the document icon is visible.
■ Choose Print from the File
menu.
If necessary, first close any
open desk accessories.
To Print a Group of
Documents
■ Select the icons that
represent the documents you
want to print.
■ Use the dragging or Shift¬
clicking technique to select
more than one icon. You can
scroll between Shift-clicks if
necessary. See “Selecting
Icons” in this chapter.
If necessary, insert the disk or
disks that contain those
documents and the
application or applications
you used to create them,
choose By Icon from the
View menu, and scroll until
the document icons are
visible.
■ Choose Print from the File
menu.
To Create a MacPaint
Document With the
Current Contents of the
Screen
■ Hold down both the
Command and Shift keys
while you type the number 3
If you’re also pressing the
mouse button, the action will
start when you release the
button.
You can take up to 10
“snapshots” from the time
you start up the system. Each
snapshot you take will be
named sequentially from
Screen 0 to Screen 9. A beep
means the snapshot wasn’t
successful; perhaps the disk
is full, or there are already
snapshots with those
numbers on that disk. You
can open and make changes
to these documents as you do
to any existing document.
See “Opening an Existing
Document” in this chapter.
72 CHAPTER 3: USING THE FINDER
To Print the Entire
Screen
To Print the Active
Window
■ With Caps Lock down, hold
down both the Command
and Shift keys while you
type the number 4.
If you’re also pressing the
mouse button, the action will
start when you release the
button.
■ Hold down both the
Command and Shift keys
while you type the number 4.
If you’re also pressing the
mouse button, the action will
start when you release the
mouse button.
Command Key
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Removing a Document, Folder, or
Application
Drag the icon or icons
that represent what you
want to remove to the
Trash icon or window.
You can discard a document, folder, or application whenever its
icon is visible. The Trash can be visible either as an icon or
opened into a window.
If necessary, open the
window that contains what
you want to remove, choose
By Icon from the View menu,
and scroll until the icon or
icons are visible.
You can use the dragging or
Shift-clicking technique to
select more than one icon to
discard. Discard an entire disk
by selecting all icons in the
disk directory window. Sec
“Selecting Icons’ ’ in this
chapter.
What you discard can usually
be recovered until you start
an application or eject the
disk. See “Recovering a
Removed Document, Folder,
or Application.”
To reclaim the space
immediately, choose Empty
Trash from the Special menu.
74 CHAPTER 3: USING THE FINDER
Recovering a Removed Document,
Folder, or Application
Any document, folder, or application you discard can usually be
recovered until you eject the disk or open an application or
document. You can recover a removed document, folder, or
application if its icon is visible in the Trash window.
1. Select the icon in the
Trash window that
represents the
document, folder, or
application you want to
recover.
If necessary, open the Trash
window, choose By Icon
from the View menu, and
scroll until the icon is visible.
You can use the dragging or
Shift-clicking technique to
select more than one icon to
recover. See “Selecting
Icons” in this chapter.
2. Drag the icon that
represents what you
want to recover out of
the Trash window onto
the desktop or into
another window.
6 File Edit Uieu> Special
75 RECOVERING A REMOVED DOCUMENT, FOLDER, OR APPLICATION
Summary of
Document
Managing Within
an Application
See each application’s
manual for detailed
information about these
tasks.
To Create a New
Document
■ Choose Close from the File
menu to close the current
document.
■ Choose New from the
application’s File menu.
A new document appears;
you’ll name it the first time
you save it.
To Open an Existing
Document
■ Choose Close from the File
menu to close the current
document.
■ Choose Open from the File
menu.
A dialog box appears.
■ If the document is on a
different disk, click the Eject
button and insert the second
disk; if you have two disk
drives, insert the disk in the
other drive and click Drive.
■ Select the document you
want to work on by clicking
its name in the list of
documents that appear.
■ Click the Open button.
3: USING THE FINDER
To Name an Untitled
Document
■ Choose Save from the
application’s File menu.
■ Type a name for the
document.
You can use any character or
symbol on the keyboard
except a colon. You can use
uppercase or lowercase
letters and put spaces
between words. Names can
be any length up to 63
characters, but long names
can become unwieldy. It’s
usually best to limit them to
the space you have to type
them in.
■ Click the Save button.
You’ll get a message if the
disk is full. Eject and save on a
different disk.
To Save a Document
A document is stored only
temporarily until you save it
on a disk.
■ Choose Save from the
application’s File menu.
For routine, periodic saving
of your document, always
choose Save rather than Save
As. The Save command saves
a document only with its
original name on the same
disk. Choose Save As only
when you want to make a
copy of the document with a
different name, or copy it to a
different disk.
■ If this is a new document,
type a name for it.
To Save a Copy of a
Document
When you give a document a
different name while you’re
using an application, you’re
actually creating another
document in which to save
your most recent changes.
This lets you keep more than
one version of the document.
■ Choose Save As from the
File menu.
■ Type a name for the new
version.
Whatever you type replaces
the current name.
■ Click the Save button.
This saved version includes
the changes you made to the
document since the last time
you saved it. Choosing Save
will now save the document
with the new name you
gave it.
To Save a Document on
a Different Disk
■ Choose Save As from the
File menu.
■ Click the Eject button to
eject the current disk; insert
the disk you want to save the
document on.
■ Or click Drive if you have
two disk drives and the disk
you want to save on is in the
other drive.
■ Type a new name for the
document if you want;
otherwise it will be saved
with the same name.
You can use any character or
symbol on the keyboard
except a colon. You can use
uppercase or lowercase letters
and put spaces between
words. Names can be any
length up to 63 characters,
but long names can become
unwieldy. It’s usually best to
limit them to the space you
have to type them in.
It’s usually easier to keep
track of documents if you give
each version a unique name.
■ Click the Save button.
To Print a Document
■ Choose Print from the File
menu.
In some applications, one or
more dialog boxes will
appear. You can click the
various buttons to control the
way your printed document
will look. See each
application’s manual for
details.
77
SUMMARY OF DOCUMENT MANAGING WITHIN AN APPLICATION
Managing Disks
You’ll use the Finder to manage entire disks as well as the documents, folders, and
applications on them. Renaming disks works the same as renaming any icon. See
“Renaming” in this chapter.
Chapter 4, “Reference,” contains additional information about disks.
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Ejecting a Disk
1. Select the icon that
represents the disk you
want to eject.
To get information from or save information on a disk not
currently inserted, you first eject a currently inserted disk.
If the Macintosh needs the ejected disk later, it’ll ask for it.
If the disk has already been
opened, just activate its
window by clicking inside it.
2. Choose Eject from
the File menu.
Or hold down the Command
key and type the letter “e”.
80
CHAPTER 3: USING THE FINDER
1. Insert the new disk.
2. Click the Initialize
button.
Whenever the Macintosh encounters a disk it can’t interpret, a
dialog box appears and asks whether you’d like to initialize the
disk for the Macintosh. The box gives you two choices—to
initialize or to eject without initializing.
You can also initialize disks that have information on them by
choosing Erase Disk from the Special menu. This initializes the
disk whose icon is selected, erasing everything on the disk.
You can initialize disks from
within an application without
losing any information in
memory, so you can initialize
them as you need them.
To avoid confusion, be sure to
give disks you initialize
different names.
81
INITIALIZING NEW DISKS
Creating a Startup
Disk
The Macintosh needs certain
information to be able to start
the system. Disks that contain
this information are called
“startup disks.” Since this
information takes room on a
disk, you might not want to
have all your disks be startup
disks. But you do need to use
a startup disk each time you
start your Macintosh, and
you’ll probably want at least
one application on this disk as
well.
1. Insert a startup disk.
If you’re using a one-drive
system, eject this disk before
going on to the next step, by
choosing Eject from the File
menu.
2. Insert a new disk (or
any disk less than half
full).
If the disk isn’t initialized for
the Macintosh, you’ll be
asked if you want to initialize
it. Click the Initialize button.
3. Drag all system icons
(initially they’re in the
System Folder) and any
application you want to
the new disk icon.
See “Selecting Icons” in this
chapter.
If all the system icons are in a
folder, you can just drag the
folder.
To turn a startup disk into a
non-startup disk (a disk just
for storing documents): start
the system using any disk
other than the one you want
to be a non-startup disk.
Insert the disk you want to
change to a non-startup disk.
Select and drag all system
icons to the Trash. See
“Selecting Icons” in this
chapter.
r 6 File Edit Uiew Special
82 CHAPTER 3: USING THE FINDER
Copying an Entire
Disk
You can copy an entire disk
whenever both its icon and
the destination disk’s icon are
visible.
Give each disk a unique,
meaningful name (either
when you’re asked to name a
new disk or after you finish
the copying process). If each
disk has its own name, it’ll be
easier to keep track of your
documents, and you’ll know
which disk to insert when the
Macintosh asks you for a
specific disk. See “Names of
Disks and Documents” in
Chapter 4.
1. Insert both the
source disk and the
destination disk.
If necessary, first eject any
other disk by selecting its
icon and choosing Eject from
the File menu.
If the destination disk is a new
disk, you’ll be asked if you
want to initialize it. Click the
Initialize button and type a
name for the copy.
2. Drag the source disk
icon to the destination
disk icon.
You’ll be asked to confirm
that you want to replace the
existing contents of the
destination disk with the
contents of the source disk.
If you’re using a one-drive
system, there’s a faster way to
copy entire disks: Use the
Disk Copy application, which
is initially in the System
Folder. When you open the
Disk Copy icon, you’ll be
asked to insert alternately the
disk you want to copy and the
disk you want to copy it to.
6 File Edit Uiew Special
83
COPYING AN ENTIRE DISK
Using Font Mover
to Claim More
Space on a Disk
Macintosh gives you a wide
variety of fonts to choose
from. These fonts take a fair
amount of space on your disk,
so when you don’t need them
all, you can use the Font
Mover to remove them. You
can also use Font Mover to
add fonts.
Another way to have more
space on a disk is to keep your
documents and applications
on separate disks. Or, if there
are two applications on a
disk—MacWrite and
MacPaint, for example—you
might move one application
and its documents to a
different disk. See “Moving a
Document, Folder, or
Application to a Different
Disk” in this chapter.
1. Open the Font Mover
icon.
A window appears with two
lists. On the left are the fonts
currently in the System file
(usually in the System
Folder). These fonts are
available whenever you use
an application from this disk.
On the right is a list of the
fonts in the Fonts file, a
special file for adding and
removing fonts. Any font in
the System file except the
ones marked with an asterisk
(which the Macintosh needs)
can be removed, and any of
the fonts can be copied to a
Fonts file.
2. In the System File
list, select the font or
fonts you want to
remove.
Click to select a single font;
hold down the Shift key while
you click additional single
fonts; or drag through a group
of fonts.
When a single font is
selected, the name, size, and
space that font occupies on
the disk are shown, as well as
a sample of the font; when
more than one font is
selected, only the total space
occupied by those fonts is
shown.
3. Click Copy.
This places a copy of the fonts
you’re going to remove in the
Fonts file. (The arrows
always indicate the direction
of the copying.) It’s a good
idea to copy fonts to another
disk for safekeeping before
you remove them from a disk.
That way you’ll later be able
to drag the Fonts icon back to
the original disk or to another
disk.
Font Mouer
in System file in Fonts file
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USING THE FINDER
4. Click Remove.
The selected fonts are
removed from the System
file.
5. Click Quit.
6. In the Finder, drag the
Fonts icon to another
disk.
7. Drag the copy of the
Fonts file that remains
behind to the Trash.
To add fonts to a disk from a
Fonts file, drag the Fonts file
to the disk you want to add
the fonts to, open the Fonts
file icon, select the fonts you
want to add from the Fonts
file list, and click Copy
The Fonts file is created
automatically the first time
you use Font Mover on this
disk. The Fonts file itself can
be opened, moved, removed,
or renamed like any other
document. If you rename it,
the Font Mover will no longer
“recognize” it as the Fonts
file, so the next time you open
Font Mover, it will create a
new Fonts file. If you want to
work with the fonts in the
renamed fonts file, open the
icon that represents it.
The Macintosh actually uses a
font twice the size you choose
from a menu to print high-
quality characters. To
maintain this high quality,
don’t remove the doubled
size of any fonts you want to
use for printing. For example,
keep New York 24 to get a
high-quality New York 12.
Click the Help button in the
Font Mover for a summary of
how the Font Mover works.
85 USING FONT MOVER TO CLAIM MORE SPACE ON A DISK
Chapter 4:
Reference
Contents
89 Introduction
90 Keyboard
90 Character Keys
90 Special Keys
92 Disks
92 Initializing Disks
92 Ejecting Disks
92 Startup Disks
93 Locked Disks
93 Names of Disks and Documents
95 Windows
96 Clipboard: Cutting and Pasting
97 Dialog Boxes
98 Desk Accessories
98 Calculator
98 Alarm Clock
99 Key Caps
100 Puzzle
100 Note Pad
101 Scrapbook
101 Control Panel
103 Shortcuts
103 Double-Click
103 Shift-Click
103 Return and Enter Keys
103 Tab Key
103 Backspace Key
103 Close Box
103 Command Key
104 Finder Reference
104 Overview
105 What the Finder Manages
106 Selecting Icons
107 Dragging Icons
108 Finder Menus
108 The Apple Menu
108 The File Menu
110 The Edit Menu
111 The View Menu
112 The Special Menu
88 CHAPTER 4: REFERENCE
Introduction
The first part of this chapter describes Macintosh in general: what you can do
with its keyboard; general information about disks, windows, the Clipboard,
and dialog boxes; capabilities of the standard desk accessories; and shortcuts to
speed your work. Though some details may change from application to
application, this is the way Macintosh works.
“Finder Reference” and “Finder Menus” get specific about the Finder, the
built-in application for organizing and managing your documents. This
second part of the chapter describes the functions and effects of windows,
icons, and menus in the Finder, and also talks a little about the things the Finder
manages.
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89 INTRODUCTION
Keyboard
| Character Keys
| Special Keys
The Macintosh keyboard is much like the familiar typewriter keyboard, with a
few notable exceptions. Certain keys let you do things you never could do with
a typewriter.
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The character keys are just like keys on a typewriter, use them to type any
character, including numbers and symbols like =, [, and so on. Character keys
repeat when held down. Use the Control Panel to set the rate of repeating. See
“Desk Accessories” in this chapter.
Some of the Macintosh keys are used with character keys to produce different
characters, or to issue menu commands. Others perform more specific actions.
Shift Key
When Shift is held down, character keys produce uppercase letters or the upper
character on the key. Sometimes Shift modifies other actions: for instance, in
the Finder, holding down the Shift key while you click lets you select more than
one icon.
Caps Lock Key
A Shift for letters only. When Caps Lock is engaged, letter keys produce
uppercase letters, but number and symbol keys aren’t affected.
90 CHAPTER 4: REFERENCE
Option Key
Generally gives an optional character set of accented and special characters.
The Option key can be used with Shift and Caps Lock. All optional characters
are illustrated in Appendix A.
Using the Option key with certain character keys lets you enter accented
characters.
Option-'
Option-e
Option-i
Option-u
Option-n
grave accent
acute accent
circumflex
umlaut
tilde
Typing the Option key combination followed by another character produces
that character accented with that diacritical mark. If the character can’t be
accented by the mark, you get the mark followed by the character. Typing the
Option key combination twice gives you the diacritical mark alone.
Command Key
The Command key used in combination with another key is a shortcut to
choosing a command from a menu. Commands that have Command key
equivalents list them in the menu. Sometimes Command modifies other
actions: for instance, holding down the Command key while typing a period
cancels a long operation in progress.
Enter Key
Confirms whatever entry (usually text) you’ve made—an entry typed into a
blank to name a document, for example. In a dialog box, pressing the Enter key
is the same as clicking the button that confirms the command (such as OK) or
the outlined button if there is one.
Return Key
Moves the insertion point to the beginning of the next line. In a dialog box,
pressing Return is the same as clicking the button that confirms the command
(such as OK) or the outlined button if there is one.
Backspace Key
Deletes the current selection. If the selection is the insertion point, backs over
and deletes text.
Tab Key
Moves the insertion point horizontally to the next stopping place (such as a tab
stop). In dialog boxes, pressing Tab usually selects the next place to supply
information.
91 KEYBOARD
Disks
Disks store information. Apple 3'/2-inch disks store 400 kilobytes (a kilobyte
being about a page of text or a small picture). Each disk uses about 15kb of
overhead for keeping track of its contents (this is where its directory
information is actually stored), leaving 385kb per disk for you to store your own
information.
| Initializing Disks
Before your Macintosh can get information from or save information on disks,
they need to be initialized in a format it understands. (A blank disk is like a
parking lot without divider lines. Before it can “park the cars,” your Macintosh
has to “draw in the white lines.”) Any time you insert an uninitialized disk or
any disk your Macintosh can’t read because it’s damaged or initialized for a
different computer, a message will appear, asking if you’d like to initialize the
disk for the Macintosh. Clicking the Initialize button will do it, and it’ll be ready
for use almost immediately.
| Ejecting Disks
If you need information on a disk not currently inserted, or if you want to save
on a disk not currently inserted, you may first need to eject a currently inserted
disk. See “Ejecting a Disk” in Chapter 3-
| Startup Disks
The System Disk that came with your Macintosh contains system documents
needed to start up the Macintosh when you turn it on. Disks that contain these
documents are called startup disks. These system documents are usually
stored in the System Folder, though they don’t have to be.
System documents on a startup disk include System, Finder, Imagewriter,
and Printer. You may also find other system documents on the startup disk
from time to time: Scrapbook File, Clipboard File, Note Pad File, Fonts, etc.
These contain information that’s used only by certain applications and desk
accessories. You can’t open or edit any of these documents.
Of course, there’s a cost—startup disks leave only about half the disk available
for your own applications and documents. So it’s best to keep your applications
on startup disks, and keep your documents on separate disks. Chapter 3 tells
you how to make and “unmake” startup disks, and how to move applications
and documents from disk to disk.
Locked Disks
Names of Disks
and Documents
You can prevent information on a disk from being changed by sliding the small
red tab toward the edge of the disk. This is called locking a disk; do it when you
want to make sure that the disk won’t get altered by mistake. To allow the disk
to be altered again, slide the red tab to cover the hole.
When a disk is locked, you can’t add new information to it, or change any
information on it. You can open (and perhaps print) the documents it contains,
but you won’t be able to save, delete, rename, move, duplicate, or change any
information on it.
Some applications (MacPaint, for instance) won’t work with a locked disk,
and the Finder can’t reconstruct anything you’ve done on the desktop when
you’re using a locked disk. Some desk accessories may not work properly if
your startup disk is locked.
Locked Unlocked
Every disk, document, application, and folder has a name. You name disks
when you initialize them; you name documents when you save them for the
first time. You can change a name at any time with the Finder.
There are a few restrictions to the names you can give. A disk name can contain
up to 27 characters; a document, application, or folder name can contain up to
63 characters (although there’s a practical limit of around 40 characters).
A name can’t contain a colon (:), and shouldn’t begin with a period (.). Other
than that, you can use any characters you can type on the keyboard.
93 DISKS
No two items on the same disk can have the same name. When comparing
names, your Macintosh considers uppercase and lowercase letters to be equal,
so “Saturday” and “Saturday” are the same. You can have separate items with
the same name if they’re on separate disks.
It’s a good idea to keep disk names different, too: sometimes the Macintosh
will ask you for a specific disk by name, and it’s confusing to have a lot of disks
with that same name (your Macintosh can be quite picky about which one it
wants). It’s also a good idea to write the disk’s name on its label.
94 CHAPTER 4: REFERENCE
Windows
Windows present information. You can have multiple windows on your
desktop, so you can view more than one set of information at the same time.
Most windows can be moved, changed in size, scrolled through, or closed.
They can also overlap each other. When more than one window is open, one is
frontmost, and that’s where all the action happens. Clicking anywhere in a
window brings it to the front and makes it active.
Although a window may be “buried” under others, it cannot be dragged
completely off the screen, or made so small that you can’t see it.
6 File Edit Uieui Special
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Windows may behave a little differently within an application. See each
application’s manual for an explanation of windows in that application.
95
WINDOWS
Clipboard: Cutting
and Pasting
You can move information within a document, among documents created with
the same application, among documents created with different applications, or
among desk accessories and documents. The information you’re moving or
copying is held on the Clipboard. The Cut, Copy, and Paste commands in the
Edit menu let you move information between the Clipboard and the active
window. Most applications have a Show Clipboard command in their Edit
menu that shows you the current contents of the Clipboard.
Within an application, the contents of the Clipboard keep attributes such as text
sizes and styles, or any information unique to that application. When moving
between applications, usually only the text or the picture, in a fixed format, is
exchanged.
The Clipboard contents are kept in the Macintosh memory, if possible. If the
contents grow too large, they are temporarily saved in the Clipboard File on the
startup disk.
96 CHAPTER 4: REFERENCE
Dialog Boxes
Whenever the Macintosh needs more information from you, it displays a dialog
box, with buttons to click and sometimes with space for you to type additional
information, such as the name for a new document.
If you are about to do something that could cause you to lose information, a
message in the dialog box alerts you, and asks you to confirm that you want to
proceed anyway. In boxes containing these messages, one of the buttons—the
“safest” alternative—is usually boldly outlined. Pressing the Enter or Return
key is the same as clicking the boldly outlined button or, if none, the button that
confirms the command.
A warning message may be accompanied by one or more beeps. If loud beeps
annoy you, use the Control Panel desk accessory to lower the speaker volume.
A blinking menu bar is a subtle alert that your Macintosh can’t respond to what
you’re asking it to do.
Saue current document as
| lilrite/Paint
Daily Schedule
! ( Eject ]
[ Cancel ]
*
(•) Entire Document QTent Only
97 DIALOG BOXES
Desk Accessories
You choose desk accessories from the Apple menu on the far left side of the
menu bar. Desk accessories are available while you’re using any application or
the Finder. You can use the Cut, Copy, and Paste commands in the Edit menu to
move or copy text or pictures among desk accessories or to or from another
window. (See “Editing Text” in Chapter 3.)
With most applications, you can keep one or more desk accessories open on
your desktop while you work on documents. Like any windows, desk
accessories may be obscured by other windows that are made active. The
accessories can be made active by clicking them or choosing them again from
the Apple menu, and moved by dragging their title bars. You close them either
by clicking their close boxes or by choosing Close from the File menu.
With some applications (MacPaint, for example), you need to close desk
accessories in order to work on a document.
All desk accessories are closed automatically when you open a document or
application from the Finder or quit an application.
| Calculator
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The Calculator works like an ordinary four-function pocket calculator, except
that with your Macintosh calculator you can copy the calculation results (which
are automatically selected) and paste them into any document or another desk
accessory. You can also copy numbers from a document and paste them into
the calculator’s display.
Click the buttons or type on the keyboard or the numeric keypad if you have
one. The * key is multiplication; the / is division.
| Alarm Clock
Time -
Date -
□ 10:35:10 HM t-
0 — 6; |jg ; 00 OM I I I
Lever
Alarm Button
Alarm
98 CHAPTER 4: REFERENCE
When you choose Alarm Clock, a compact clock displays the hour, minute, and
second. To see more, click the lever on the right side of the clock. (Click the
lever again to go back to the compact clock.) With the lever down, two more
panels appear. The middle panel displays and provides a place to set whatever
you select by clicking in the bottom panel—the time, date, or alarm setting.
Set what’s currently displayed in the middle panel by clicking the digits you
want to change. Arrows appear on the right. Click the up or down arrow to
scroll the numbers higher or lower. Or use the keyboard to type the numbers.
Click the top panel to set.
Click the alarm button to switch the alarm on or off. Your Macintosh beeps
when the alarm goes off, and the Apple menu title blinks until you click the
alarm button off.
When the clock is active, the time and date are automatically selected, so you
can copy and paste them into the document you’re working on or into a desk
accessory that accepts text.
| Key Caps
Press the Option, Shift, or Caps Lock key on the Macintosh keyboard; the Key
Caps desk accessory displays the characters you can type while holding down
that key.
You can either type the character you want on the keyboard or just dick it in the
Key Caps accessory.
See “Keyboard” in this chapter for how to produce accented characters using the
diacritical marks in the optional character set.
When the Key Caps desk accessory is active, text you type on the Macintosh
keyboard or “type” by clicking Key Caps keys appears in the blank at the top of
the Key Caps window. You can edit this text in the usual way and cut and paste it
among other desk accessories or any document.
99 DESK ACCESSORIES
| Puzzle
*
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4
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The Puzzle gives you something to play with when you need a short break. Click a
“tile” to slide it into the empty space. Try to place the numbers in order. The
Puzzle rescrambles whenever you close it or when it’s active and you choose it
again from the Apple menu. Unfortunately, you can’t pry out the little plastic tiles
when you get frustrated.
| NotePad
This is the Note Pad.
With the Note Pad you can jot down a few notes and keep them separate from
the document you ’re working on. Or type text and edit it even if you ’ re using an
application that doesn’t allow text editing in the usual way. Use the Edit menu
to cut and paste into and out of the Note Pad.
You have eight numbered pages of Note Pad paper. Turn to the next page by
clicking the turned-back corner of the previous page. Turn to the previous page
by clicking the bottom left corner of the Note Pad.
Notes you type are automatically saved in the Note Pad File on the startup disk.
100 CHAPTER 4: REFERENCE
| Scrapbook
i
Dear
Thank you for your interest in our company. Ve have reviewed your resume
and would like you to call to schedule an interview. Please
call Mr. Mark Marker as soon as possible, and he will make all the
necessary arrangements.
Ve look forward to hearing from you.
Sincerely,
| Te-xt 01 of 01 |
Keep pictures and text you use frequently in the Scrapbook. For example, you
might keep your letterhead there, or favorite illustrations from MacPaint. Paste
something you cut or copied from another desk accessory or a document. And
copy or cut the current picture or text (which is automatically selected) to paste
into other documents or desk accessories. Use the scroll bar to look through
the Scrapbook.
The contents of the Scrapbook are stored in the Scrapbook File on the startup
disk.
| Control Panel
Speaker Volume
Clock
-Command Blinking
- Rate of Insertion Point Blinking
- Rate of Repeating Keys
-Keyboard Touch
-Double-Click Speed
Desktop Pattern
Mouse Tracking
The Control Panel lets you set your preferences for speaker volume, repeating
key rate, and even the background pattern of your desktop. Most control panel
settings are remembered even when you turn the power off.
101 DESK ACCESSORIES
Speaker Volume
Dial the volume you want by dragging the knob up or down.
Rate of Repeating Keys
Lets you vary the rate at which a pressed key will repeat. Lower numbers make a
pressed key repeat slowly. Higher settings produce faster repeating.
Keyboard Touch
If you want a light touch to produce repeating characters, click a high number;
click a low number to require a longer press to produce a repeating character
(if you’re getting a lot of repeated keys when you don’t intend them). Click 0 to
turn off repeating.
Rate of Insertion Point Blinking
Lets you vary the rate at which the vertical bar marking the insertion point
blinks.
Command Blinking
Click 1,2, or 3 to control the amount of visual feedback you get—how much a
command blinks when you choose it from a menu. Click 0 to turn off command
blinking.
Desktop Pattern
Click dots to change them from black to white or vice versa, or drag through a
group of dots to change all of them. To set the pattern, click the “desktop”
below the white bar. Click the “menu bar” to see a sample pattern. (Click on
the right side of the bar to see the next pattern; click on the left side to back up.)
Double-Click Speed
Click the leftmost square for the Macintosh to interpret fairly slow successive
clicks as a double-click. The rightmost square setting requires a faster mouse-
button finger. The middle button produces, not surprisingly, an in-between
response.
Mouse Tracking
The “1” setting makes the pointer move farther when you speed up mouse
movement. When you want to jump to another part of the screen, you don’t
have to move the mouse as far as you normally would. The “0” setting keeps
the pointer speed constant.
Clock
The Macintosh clock runs on battery power. It will need resetting only when
the battery runs out. To set the time or date, click the digits you want to set.
Click arrows to go forward or backward, or use the keyboard to type the
numbers. Click anywhere else in the Control Panel to set the clock.
102 CHAPTER 4: REFERENCE
Shortcuts
In general, Macintosh shortcuts are just quicker ways to do things you can
ordinarily do “the long way.” Some shortcuts apply only to a specific
Macintosh application; each application’s manual explains its own.
| Double-Click
Lets you open icons just like using the Open command. Double-clicking an
icon opens it. In text, double-clicking a word selects the entire word.
■ Shift-Click
This combination lets you add to a previous selection. As long as you hold the
Shift key down, the first selection isn’t unselected when you make a new
selection. In some applications, Command-click also performs a similar
function.
| Return and Enter
Keys
Pressing the Return or Enter key in response to a dialog box is the same as
clicking the button that confirms the command or the outlined button, if there
is one.
■ Tab Key
Pressing the Tab key in a dialog box usually selects the next place to supply
information.
| Backspace Key
Using the Backspace key with a selection is the same as choosing Clear from the
Edit menu. Unlike using the Cut command, using the Backspace key doesn’t
put what’s deleted on the Clipboard.
| Close Box
Clicking the close box in the title bar of the active window closes it, just like
choosing Close from the File menu.
| Command Key
You can issue many commands (including most commands in the Edit menu)
by holding down the Command key while you type a character. Commands
that have Command-key equivalents list the key to type to the right of the item
in the menu.
Holding down the Command key while typing a period (.) usually stops
whatever’s happening—printing a document, for example.
Holding down the Command and Shift keys while typing the number 1 usually
ejects the internal disk; holding them down while typing the number 2 ejects the
external disk.
See “Printing” in Chapter 3 for how to use the Command key to print.
103 SHORTCUTS
Finder Reference
| Overview
The Finder is Macintosh’s built-in application for managing documents and
directing traffic between you and the disk.
The Finder is like a central hallway in the Macintosh house. It manages moving
from one application to another (like rooms in the house) and organizing the
documents you create with those applications. It’s also like a front door—the
way you enter the Macintosh house—and it’s the link between you and your
disks, giving you access to the documents you store on them.
Common Finder tasks include:
□ opening, closing, copying, discarding, moving, and renaming documents
and disks
□ organizing documents on the desktop, in folders, and on disks
□ ejecting and initializing disks
Some of the Finder’s capabilities are also available while you’re using an
application. You can open new documents, save work on a disk, examine the
contents of disks, eject disks, print the current document, or revert to a
previous version of a document without returning to the Finder.
104 CHAPTER 4: REFERENCE
| What the Finder
Manages
You work in the Finder by selecting and dragging icons (see “Selecting Icons”
and “Dragging Icons” later in this chapter) and by choosing commands from
menus (see “Finder Menus” later in this chapter).
Applications and Documents
Applications and documents are represented in their closed state as icons. You
can rename, duplicate, discard, or organize applications and documents on
disks and in folders.
Disks
The contents of a disk are displayed in a directory window. A disk can contain
documents, applications, and folders. Usually each item is represented by an
icon that you can select and drag; you can choose to see the disk’s contents
arranged in other ways with the View menu.
Disks currently inserted into either the built-in or additional disk drive appear
as white disk icons. The icon becomes hollow when its window is opened.
Icons for disks that have been ejected appear dimmed in gray. (Both inserted
and ejected icons are highlighted when selected.) The Macintosh remembers
the contents of disks inserted and then ejected. You can open ejected disks (or
any folders inside them) into directory windows; any items on ejected disks
also appear dimmed. You can manipulate dimmed icons just like white icons.
The Macintosh will ask you to reinsert the ejected disk when it needs it.
Folders
Folders are receptacles that allow you to arrange your applications and
documents hierarchically on a disk. When opened, folders display their
contents in directory windows, just like disks. Folders can contain other
folders.
To make new folders, duplicate the Empty Folder (which appears
automatically on every disk).
When you’re using an application, folders are “transparent”; when you choose
Open from the application’s File menu, all available documents on that disk
appear in a list, regardless of what folders they may be in.
105 FINDER REFERENCE
Desktop
The Desktop in the Finder is a handy temporary resting place for icons. If
you’re concentrating on only a few documents and applications at a time, and
they’re on different disks or in different folders, you can drag all the documents
to the desktop and work on them there. You can even close the windows for the
folders and disks they came from; the Finder will remember where the
documents belong.
Documents are automatically put back when you open a document or
application, and brought back out to their previous positions when you qu it the
application and return to the Finder.
Trash
The Trash is a receptacle for discarding documents and folders. You can’t
discard disks this way. When you discard a folder, the folder and its entire
contents disappear. Locked documents can’t be discarded; you must unlock
them (in their information windows) before discarding.
When you open the Trash icon, it shows the last few documents you discarded.
You can recover those documents by dragging them out of the Trash back onto
the desktop. But documents stay in the Trash only for a short while; the Finder
empties the Trash when you start an application, eject the disk, or try to add
more documents to the disk. To claim space on the disk immediately, you can
empty the Trash yourself by choosing Empty Trash from the Special menu (but
who wants to empty their own trash?).
| Selecting Icons
Once an icon is selected, the Edit menu commands operate on that icon’s
name, and the File menu commands work on what the icon represents.
When more than one icon is selected, the Edit menu commands are dimmed.
You can select a group of icons only if they’re all in the same window or all on
the desktop. If you want to work on a number of documents in different folders
or disks, drag them to the desktop and select them all there.
Operations on a group of icons are performed one by one. The icons are taken
in order from left to right, top to bottom.
106 CHAPTER 4: REFERENCE
| Dragging Icons
Dragging an icon from one place to another moves that icon to the new place.
You can drag an icon onto the desktop, onto a folder, disk, or Trash icon, or into
an open folder, disk, or Trash window.
Dragging an icon from one place to another on the same disk (or to a folder on
that disk) merely moves the icon to the new place. Dragging an icon to another
disk (or to a folder on that disk) leaves a copy behind on the original for
safekeeping. If you don’t want the copy left behind, just drag it to the Trash
afterward.
If you drag an icon to another disk, and there’s already an icon with that same
name on that disk, you’re asked if you want to replace it with the icon you’re
dragging.
Drag document
Drag folder
Drag application
Drag disk
to folder on
same disk
moves it there
moves it there
moves it there
to folder on
different disk
copies it there
copies it and its
contents there
copies it there
to a different
disk
copies it there
copies it and its
contents there
copies it there
copies it
there
to Trash
discards it
discards it and
its contents
discards it
In general, dragging an icon on the same disk mot es it: dragging an icon to a different disk
copies it.
To copy on the same disk, use the Duplicate command in the File menu.
You can drag an icon to another icon, or to that icon's window; the effect is the same, although
dragging into a window lets you drag to a specific location in the folder or disk window.
You can drag locked documents; you can’t drag anything to or from a locked
disk. See the Get Info command in “Finder Menus” in this chapter.
107 FINDER REFERENCE
Finder Menus
Each Macintosh application presents the commands it can carryout in menus
you pull down from the menu bar. Together with dragging icons, the Finder’s
menus allow you to do all your desktop-management tasks.
| The Apple Menu
Onie Edit Uieui Special
About the Finder...
Scrapbook
Alarm Clock
Note Pad
Calculator
Key Caps
Control Panel
Puzzle
About the Finder
Shows the version number and the authors of the Finder—Bruce Horn with
Steve Capps.
Desk Accessories
Choosing any of the desk accessories causes that accessory to appear on the
desktop. You can use the Edit menu to cut, copy, and paste the information in
most desk accessories. The desk accessory stays on your desktop until you
close it, with either its close box or the Close command in the File menu.
The desk accessories are explained more fully in “Desk Accessories” earlier in
this chapter.
| The File Menu
Edit Uiew
Open
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